Sporozoa: Definition, Characteristics, Classification, Reproduction, Examples and Role in Life

"Plasmodium malariae" by Michael Wunderli is licensed under CC BY 2.0

Definition of Sprozoa

The term Sporozoa comes from the Greek, namely  spore  which means "seed" and  zoa  which means "animal". Sporozoa are the only members of Protozoa that do not have locomotion and move by launching their bodies in the medium in which they live. As the name implies, Sporozoa has a characteristic that is able to form spores in one stage of its life cycle.

There are 4,000 species of Sporozoa, most of which live as parasites on animals and humans. The body of Sporozoa is spherical or oval in shape, has a nucleus but lacks contractile vacuoles. The adult form has no means of movement. Many Sporozoans have complex life cycles, in certain phases living on a single host and at other phases living on different hosts.

In their life cycle, Sporozoa show an alternation of offspring between the vegetative and generative phases. Immature sporozoa are called sporocytes  which move easily along the bloodstream. All Sporozoa form thick-walled spores when they are in the zygote stage. These spores are fixed structures that are dispersed through food, water, or insect bites.

Although Sporozoa do not have locomotion, they contain complex organelles that help them attach to and attack the host. Many of its members have complex life cycles. Therefore, the class Sporozoa is also called Apicomplexa. One of the well-known examples of Sporozoa is the cause of malaria, namely  Plamodium .

Characteristics of Sporozoa

Sporozoa or Apicomplexa have several characteristics or characteristics that distinguish them from the other three types of Protozoa . Here, the author describes the characteristics of Sporozoa in general.

■ Do not have a special motion tools, so Sprozoa they move by sliding or varying the position of his body.  

■ It is a single-celled organism (unicellular).  

■ Plumpness parasitic, both animals and humans.  

■ It can form spores at some point in their life cycle.  

■ Have spores oval.  

■ The size of the spores around 8  -  11 microns on a wall of chitin.  

■ Has 2 polar capsules at the anterior, paired with a form like a pumpkin, the same size, located on the corner of the longitudinal axis with the posterior end.  

■ From the front of the anterior end equal to the width of the posterior.  

■ Wall valve unclear.  

The life cycle of Sporozoa shows alternation of generations/offspring between sexual (generative phase) and asexual forms (vegetative phase).  

■ The body is round or oval.  

■ Have a nucleus (center cell) but does not have a contractile vacuole.  

■ Have special complex organelles at one end of the cell (apex) which serves to penetrate cells and tissues of the host.  

■ The process of absorption of food, breathing (respiration) and expenditures (excretion) occurs directly through the body surface.  

■ Most Sporozoa species cause disease in the host (host) the host.  

Sporozoa Classification

The sporozoa class has 3 (three) different characteristics between one genus and another, the differences include:

■ Genus sporozoa who live in red blood cells and require biological vectors, these properties are in Genus  Plasmodi - um .  

■ Genus sporozoa who live in the intestinal and does not require biological vectors, these properties are in the genus  isospora  and Genus  Eimerie .  

■ Parasites that live inside endothelial cells, leukocytes mono - nucleus, body fluids, cells and the host tissue is unknown biological vectors, these properties contained in the genus  Toxoplasma .   

Parasites belonging to the class sporozoa reproduce asexually (schizogony) and sexually (sporogony) alternately. Both of these ways of reproduction can take place in the same host, as occurs in the subclass Coccidia. Meanwhile, what takes place in two different hosts is found in the Haemosporidia subclass (Plasmodium). The sporozoa class can be classified - sikan as shown in the following diagram.

How to Reproduce Sporozoa

The way of reproduction in Sporozoa (ex. Plasmodium) was first discovered by Ronald Ross and Grassi. Reproduction in Sporozoa can occur in two ways, namely:

️   Asexual reproduction (vegetative)  that occurs in the human body  skizogoni  (cleavage in the host's body remains) and on the body of the female Anopheles mosquito is  sporogoni  (sporulation on the host while).

️   Sexual reproduction (generative)  by melting makrogamet and mikrogamet in the body of the Anopheles mosquito.  

Read: Pictures and Stages of the Plasmodium Life Cycle in the Human Body and Mosquitoes.

Examples and Roles of Sporozoa in Life

As explained earlier that Sporozoa are parasitic in both animals and humans and mostly cause disease. Therefore, it is found that there are many detrimental roles compared to the beneficial roles of Sporozoa. Then what is the detrimental role of this Sporozoa? Here are some examples of Sporozoan organisms and their role in life.  

️ ■  Babesia bigemina  is a species of disease-causing Texas fever.

️■   Theileria parva  is a species of disease-causing East Coast fever (Africa).

■ Toxoplasma gondii   is a species Sporozoa cause Toxoplasmosis disease that causes meningitis, hepatitis and fetal infection. These organisms enter the human body through food, for example meat contaminated with toxoplasma cysts from cat or bird feces. Toxoplasma gondii infection is   dangerous for pregnant women because it can cause babies born with mental disabilities, blindness, and swelling of the liver.

■️   Plasmodium vivax  is the cause of malaria tertian. Sporulation period (spore formation period) every 2 x 24 hours.

■️   Plasmodium ovale  is a cause of disease of the spleen. The sporulation period is every 48 hours.

️■   Plasmodium malariae  is a cause of malaria quartana. The sporulation period is every 3 x 24 hours. 

■ Plasmodium falciparum  is the cause of malaria Tropikana. This Plamodium has a sporulation period of about 1 day (1 x 24 hours). 

With so many types of malaria caused by Plasmodium, a drug was developed to prevent the spread of malaria. One of them is the drug  chloroquinone  (quinine) which can kill the malaria parasite. Unfortunately, this parasite has the ability to increase his body's immunity to  chloroquinone .

The Anopheles mosquito extermination program did not run smoothly because these mosquitoes became resistant or resistant to pesticides (anti-pest agents). The researchers hope to use genetic engineering techniques to give the Anopheles mosquito the ability to kill the Plasmodium parasite, not spread it.

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Ciliates: Definition, Characteristics, Classification, Reproduction, Examples and Roles in Life

"Ciliated Protozoa: Vorticella" by bccoer is licensed under CC0 1.0

 Definition of Ciliates

The term "ciliata" comes from the Latin  cilia  which means "little hair". Ciliates are protozoa that have a locomotion tool in the form of  vibrating hairs  (cilia). This vibrating hair is a characteristic of ciliates and functions as a means of locomotion and foraging for food. Ciliates are single-celled organisms (unicellular) with a fixed or unchanged shape.

There are about 8,000 types of ciliates that move with these cilia (shaking hairs) and most of them live in freshwater waters. Ciliates are divided into two groups based on the distribution of cilia, namely cilia on some cells only and cilia that cover all parts of the cell. Food Ciliates are microscopic bacteria and algae. Ciliates get their food by moving the cilia to cause  a whirlpool effect  so that food enters the whirlpool.

Ciliates have many specialized organelles including cilia (singular cilium), short hair-like structures on the outside of their bodies. As previously explained, there are cilia or cilia that cover the entire body surface or are only localized to certain body parts. In the Paramaecium genus , cilia cover the entire body surface.

A good coordination system in hair vibrates, causing Ciliates to move quickly, about  one millimeter per second . Although only single-celled (unicellular), Paramaecium can respond to the surrounding environment well. If it encounters a hazardous chemical or barrier, the cell quickly retreats with cilia moving in a different direction.

Ciliates are excellent predators. Some ciliates, including Paramaecium and Didinium, are able to immobilize their prey by releasing needles called  trichocysts  that attach to their bodies. The prey is then carried into a mouth-like structure and digested in a vacuole which occasionally functions as a stomach.

When the process of digestion of food in ciliates has been completed, the waste products of metabolism will be excreted through  exocytosis . In the ciliate body, excess water will accumulate in the vacuole which periodically (periodically) contracts to empty the fluid through an opening called the  anal pore .

Characteristics of Ciliates

Ciliata or Ciliophora has several characteristics or characteristics that distinguish it from the three other types of Protozoa . Here the author describes the characteristics of Ciliates in general.

■ Moving with cilia or hair shakes.  

■ It is a single-celled organism (unicellular).  

■ Having a permanent body shape or unchanged.  

■ Characteristically heterotrophic, meaning that living with other organisms prey because they can not make their own food.  

■ Generally microscopic, but there are also species with size up to 3 mm so that it can be observed with the naked eye.  

■ Body shape assortment, such as an oval shape, slippers, a bell, a funnel and so forth.  

■ Most live in waters such as swamps, rice paddies and watery places that are rich in organic matter.  

■ Living independently (solitary), parasites, or symbionts in the gut of vertebrates.  

■ Have a contractile vacuole which serves to regulate cell osmotic pressure (osmoregulation).  

■ Has two kinds of nucleus (center) within a single cell, which is  makronukleus  role in metabolism and asexual reproduction (vegetative), and micronucleus  that play a role in sexual reproduction (generative).  

Ciliates Classification

Based on the distribution or distribution pattern of cilia (shaking hair), Ciliates are grouped into two groups, namely Ciliates with cilia that are spread evenly over the entire body surface (ex. Coleps, Bursaria, Paramaecium, Stentor, Calpoda and Prorodon) and Ciliates with localized cilia. or only found in certain body parts (ex. Acineto, Didinium, Stylonichia, and Vorticela). For clarity, please look at the following image.

Meanwhile, based on their way of life, Ciliates are divided into four groups, namely Holotricha, Suctoria, Peritrichia, and Spirotichia. The following is an explanation of each of these ciliate groups.

■ Holotrichia , is a group Ciliate living with swim freely, for example on Paramaecium and Didinium.  

■ Suctoria , is Ciliate group that has tentacles and usually live attached to the substrate, for example Vorticella.  

■ Peritrichia , is Ciliate groups that live in colonies and are usually spherical or oval, for example  Nyctoterus ovalis .  

■ Spirotrichia , is a group Ciliate shaped like a trumpet and a sedentary life in freshwater bergenang or flow, for example, Stentor and Euplotes.  

How to Reproduce Ciliates

Ciliates can reproduce in two ways, namely sexually (mating) through  conjugation  and asexually (not mating) through   transverse binary fission . Conjugation in Ciliates does not produce new daughter cells, but after conjugation, the cell divides to produce four identical daughter cells which are better able to survive the unfavorable environmental conditions.

Binary fission in Ciliates can be observed when one cell divides into 2, then into 4, 8 and so on. This division begins with the splitting of the micronucleus and is followed by the division of the macronucleus. Then 2 daughter cells will be formed after the replacement of the plasma membrane. You need to know that each of the daughter cells is identical and the other cell apparatus has two nuclei and cytoplasm.

Examples and Roles of Ciliates in Life

Similar to Rhizopoda, organisms belonging to the Ciliata class also have various important roles for human life, both harmful and beneficial. Then what is the role of this Ciliata? Here are some examples of Rhizopod organisms and their role in life.

■ Balantidium coli  is a protozoan parasite that lives in the intestines of humans and is the only species that cause disease Siliata. These ciliates can cause sores (inflammation) called  balantidiasis . Balantidiasis is a type of stomach disorder such as bloody diarrhea. The intermediate host of this disease is pigs, then it is transmitted through food or drink contaminated by pig manure containing  Balantidium coli .  

■ Paramaecium  often called animal slippers for cell shape resembles a slipper. It is a single cell organism usually less than 0.25 mm in length. Paramecium has two nuclei, a large nucleus called the macronucleus and two smaller nuclei called the micronucleus. Without macronucleus Paramecium cannot live and without micronucleus Paramecium cannot reproduce.  Reproduction is done asexually by binary fission. Sometimes also reproduce sexually by conjugation. Paramecium is found in abundance in freshwater bodies almost all over the world. Several species of Paramecium are found living in the sea.  Paramecium caudatum  is one type of freshwater Paramecium that is widely used for research.  

■ Nyctoterus ovalis  is a species that lives ciliate parasites in the intestines of cockroaches.  

■ Stentor is shaped like a trumpet Ciliate and settle somewhere.  

■ Vorticella is shaped like a bell Ciliate long-stemmed with straight or spiral shape that comes cilia (hairs vibrate) around his mouth.  

■ Didinium is Ciliate that act as predators in aquatic ecosystems, ie predators Paramaecium. 

■ Stylonichia is Ciliate that looks like a snail or oval, cilianya group called  cirri . Stylonichia is commonly found on the surface of leaves that are submerged in water.

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Rhizopods: Definition, Characteristics, Classification, Reproduction, Examples and Role in Life

"Amoeba (Amöbe) - Vahlkampfia sp - 630x" by Picturepest is licensed under CC BY 2.0

Definition of Rhizopods

The term rhizopoda comes from the Greek, namely  rhizo  which means "root" and  podos  which means "foot". Thus, Rhizopoda means feet that resemble roots. Rhizopoda is a Protozoa that has a means of locomotion in the form of pseudo-legs (pseudopodia). Called pseudopodia or pseudopods because they are formed as a result of the protrusion of the cytoplasm of the cell, which seems to function as legs. In addition to moving, pseudopodia also function to find food.

Currently, about 40,000 species of Rhizopoda or Sarcodina are known, namely Protozoa whose shape is not fixed, always changing. One of the most famous examples of Rhizopoda members is the  Amoeba  which can live in fresh water, salt water, in moist soil, and some species live as parasites on animals and humans.

When moving, the  Amoeba  will extend the pseudopodia and hook the ends then release more cytoplasm into the pseudopodia. This kind of motion is called  amoeboid motion . With this pseudo-leg, it means that the shape of Rhizopoda cells changes both at rest and when moving.

Characteristics of Rhizopods

Rhizopoda or Sarcodina has several characteristics or characteristics that distinguish it from the other three types of Protozoa . In the following, the authors describe the characteristics of Rhizopods in general.

■ Moving with false feet (pseudopodia).  

■ Characteristically microscopic, as most have a body size of about 200  -  300 microns.  

■ Having a form of cell that is not fixed alias changeable (ex.  Amoeba ).  

■ Some types have a shell or external skeleton (ex.  Foraminifera  and  Radiolaria ).  

■ Characteristically heterotrophic, meaning it can not make their own food substances so as to meet their nutritional needs, Rhizopoda must prey on other organisms.  

■ Live free (solitary) or parasites.  

■ Swallowing food particles by  phagocytosis .  

■ Breathe by diffusion across the surface of the body.  

■ The cytoplasm consists of ectoplasm and endoplasmic.  

■ Have a cavity in the form of food vacuole to digest food.  

■ Have a contractile vacuole which serves to remove waste products of metabolism and to regulate the osmotic pressure of the body.  

■ Have habitat in fresh water, sea water, wet places and a small part of life in animals or humans.  

■ Some species can form cysts, which form a plasma thickening which serves to protect themselves from unfavorable environment.  

Classification of Rhizopods

Class Rhizopoda or pseudo-legged animals are divided into 5 kinds of orders, namely the order Labosa, order Filosa, order Foraminifera, order Helioza and order Radiolarian. The characteristics or characteristics of each order are as follows.

■ Order Labosa , its features is to have pseudopodia (false feet) short and blunt and can be clearly distinguished between ectoplasm and endoplasmic.  

■ Order Filosa , its features is to have a smooth pseudopodia similar to the yarn and also branched.  

■ Order of Foraminifera , its features is to have a long pseudopodia and also smooth and has a skeleton of lime (calcium carbonate).  

■ Order Helioza , its features is to have the thread-shaped pseudopodia radien and antarfilamen were never united to form the mesh or webbing.  

■ Order Radiozoa , its features is to have a frame made of silica.  

How to Reproduce Rhizopods

Rhizopods (ex.  Amoeba ) reproduce asexually or vegetatively by binary fission. Binary fission in Rhizopods does not go through the stages of mitosis. Cleavage begins with the splitting of the cell nucleus into two, followed by the division of the cytoplasm. The division of the nucleus creates a very deep indentation that will eventually break, resulting in two daughter cells. The two daughter cells will undergo binary fission again so that they become four, eight, sixteen cells and so on. 

In unfavorable conditions, Rhizopods can survive by forming cysts, namely with the inactive body turning into a round shape so that the plasma membrane thickens to protect the body from adverse external conditions. If the external conditions are favorable, for example there is enough food, then the kisat wall will break and the Rhizopoda will come out to start its life again.

Examples and Roles of Rhizopods in Life

Similar to Flagellates, organisms belonging to the Rhizopoda class also have various important roles for human life, both harmful and beneficial. Then what is the role of this Rhizopoda? Here are some examples of Rhizopod organisms and their role in life.

1. Amoeba

Based on their habitat or place of life,  Amoeba is  divided into two genera, namely  Ectoamoeba  and Entamoeba genus  . The following are the differences and examples of species from the two Amoeba  genera  .

A. Ectoamoeba

Ectoamoeba  are amoeba that live freely outside the body of living things. They usually live in humid places. Examples of ectoamoeba  are  Amoeba proteus  and  Chaos carolinese .

B. Entamoeba

Entamoeba  is an amoeba that lives in the body of organisms (animals and humans) and usually causes disease to the host organism it lives on. Examples of  Entamoeba  are as follows.

■ Entamoeba histolytica , the parasite lives in the human intestine and can cause dysentery amoebawi or known by the disease amebiasis . Amebiasis is a disease that causes damage to body tissues, especially erythrocytes (red blood cells) and lymph, causing the patient's face to be mixed with blood and mucus.  

■ Entamoeba ginggivalis , live as parasites in the mouth that can cause inflammation and bleeding gums disease. This amoeba can live in between dirty teeth. In order not to get attacked, brush your teeth after eating and before going to bed.  

■ Entamoeba coli , live in the colon (large intestine) man who is not a parasite but sometimes cause diarrhea (defecate constantly).  

2. Foraminifera

Foraminifera  have shells of organic matter and hard calcium carbonate. Foraminifera live in piles of sand or attached to plankton, algae and rocks. Pseudopodia or pseudo-legs are cytoplasmic strands that function to swim, catch prey and form shells.

About 90% of Foraminifera have been fossilized and their shells are components of oceanic sediments. Foraminifera fossils are   used as  markers of the age of sedimentary rocks and clues in the search for petroleum sources. An example of Foraminifera is  Globigerina .

3. Radiolaria

Radiolaria  live in the sea, the shell is made of silica with different shapes in each species. The dead radiolaria will settle to the bottom of the water as radiolarian mud. Radiolarian mud is used as a scouring agent and explosives. Examples are Colosphaera  and  Acanthometron.

4. Dyflugia, Arcella and Helioza

These three types of Rhizopods live in fresh water.  Diflugia  can produce mucus that causes fine grains of sand to stick together.  Arcella has a shell composed of chitin or phosphoprotein substances. The upper body shell is dome-shaped, while the lower part is concave with holes for the exit of pseudopodia.  Helioza  (solar animals) have pseudopodia that are rigid and shells containing chitin or silica like glass.

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Flagellates: Definition, Characteristics, Classification, Reproduction, Examples and Role in Life

"Flagellat - 1000x - 41µ" by Picturepest is licensed under CC BY 2.0

Definition of Flagellates (Mastigophora)

Flagellata comes from the word  flagellum  which means "feather whip". Flagellates are also often referred to as Mastigophora. The word "mastigophora" comes from the Greek  words mastig  which means "whip" and  phoros  which means "movement". Thus it can be concluded that Flagellates are a type of Protozoa that has a locomotion tool in the form of whip feathers (flagellates).

Flagellates are the ancestors of animals and plants. Flagella in Flagellata are located at the anterior end of the body. In addition to functioning as a locomotion, flagella can also be used to determine the state of the environment and collect food by producing a flow of water around the mouth so that food can enter the mouth. Flagellate cytoplasm is surrounded by a pellicle or a clear sheath that gives it a fixed body shape.

Flagellate Characteristics

Flagellates or Mastigophora have several characteristics or characteristics that distinguish them from the other three types of Protozoa . In the following, the authors describe the characteristics of flagellates in general.

■ Moving with feather whip (flagellum).  

■ Live free (solitary), saprophyte, parasites in animals and humans, and there is also a symbiotic mutualism.  

■ Have a pellicle which is a flexible membrane to protect and give shape remains even without the outer frame structure.  

■ Characteristically microscopic, mostly flagellates can not be observed by the naked eye (without the aid of a microscope ).  

■ generally have an oval body shape, long and round.  

■ Characteristically if live solitary unicellular or multicellular if live in colonies.   

■ There are mitochondria and some are not.  

■ Unable to form a cyst.  

■ Habitat flagellates mostly fresh water, sea water, wet ground or in the living body as a parasite.  

Classification of Flagellates

Judging from the shape of the body, flagellates are divided into two types, namely flagellates shaped like plants called  phytoflagellates  and flagellates shaped like animals called  zooflagellates . The differences between the two types of flagellates are as follows.

Phytoflagellates

Phytoflagellates  are flagellates that have plastids and chlorophyll pigments that are used to carry out the photosynthesis process so that  phytoflagellates are autotrophs. In the aquatic environment,  phytoflagellates  act as  phytoplankton  that supply food for other organisms. Based on the shape of the body and the number of flagella it has,  phytoflagellates  are grouped into three classes, namely:

1) Euglenoids

Euglenoids have a body shape that resembles a spindle and is covered by a pellicle. Euglenoids have one or two flagella at the anterior end. At the anterior end there is a red eye spot that contains the pigment carotene. These eye spots serve to protect the light-sensitive area at the base of the flagella.

The best known member of the Euglenoida group is  Euglena viridis.  Euglena viridis is  commonly found in fresh water with the following characteristics:  

■ It has a body size of 35-60 microns   

■ The tip of a tapered body with a feather whip, so it can move on with flagella. This movement is also known as euglenoid motion .   

■ Have a stigma (red eye spots) to distinguish between dark and light  

■ Having chloroplast containing chlorophyll used for berfotosintetis. There are also  non-chloroplast Euglena  , such as  Astasia .   

■ Food entry through sitofaring leading to the vacuole and in the vacuole of food in the form of tiny organisms will be digested.   

2) Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates vary in body shape but are mostly oblong with brownish and yellowish coloration. Dinoflagellates are constituents of marine plankton. Although most of them live in the sea, but some live in fresh water. Dinoflagellates are symbiotic in coral reefs, jellyfish, anemones and other invertebrates. The flagella are located in a transverse depression that surrounds the body.

Many species of dinoflagellates lose their flagella and grow as a non-motile vegetative phase. Examples of dinoflagellate members include  Ceratilum, Noctiluca milliaris,  and  Gymnodinium .  Noctiluca milliaris  mostly lives in seawater and has the following characteristics.

■ It has two flagella that is one long and one short   

■ Make a symbiosis with certain types of algae 

■ The body can emit beams exposed mechanical stimulation. We can see it at night, when the waves break the rocks or the paddles hit the sea water, there will be a sparkling light produced by  Noctiluca . This event is known as  bioluminescence .  

3) Volvocida

Volvocida are generally spherical in shape and live solitary or in colonies. Volvocida has 2 flagella. The cell wall of Volvocida is composed of cellulose. For example, the most famous member of this group is the  Volvox globator . The characteristics of volvox are as follows.

The colony consists of thousands of single-celled individuals and each has two flagella.  

■ Each cell has a nucleus, contractile vacuole, stigma, and chloroplasts.   

■ The cells are connected by threads of protoplasm that form a physiological relationship.  

Zooflagellates

Zooflagellates  are flagellates that do not have chlorophyll pigment and are heterotrophs.  Some zooflagellates  are free-living but most are parasites with animal-like shapes. Some of the best known examples of  zooflagellates are  those of the species of the genera  Trypanosoma and  Leishmania . The following is a complete description of the two genera.

1) Trypanosoma 

Trypanosoma have long flat bodies like leaves and do not form cysts. Trypanosomes live in the red blood cells, white blood cells and liver cells of their vertebrate hosts. Infection due to Trypanosoma is also known as  trypanosomiasis . In its life cycle, Trypanosoma has two forms, namely flagellated in the extracellular phase and unflagellated in the intracellular phase. Part of its life cycle is attached to gastric cells or sucks human blood. Intermediate hosts (intermediaries) Trypanosoma are blood-sucking animals such as rat fleas,  Tabanus flies, tse-tse flies,  Glossina palpalis  flies and Glossina morsitans flies  .  

Examples of the types of Trypanosoma are as follows.

■ Trypanosoma lewisi,  living in mice, the intermediary host is a rodent infestation.  

■ Trypanosoma evansi , causes disease sura (lazy) in cattle, the intermediary host is tabanus flies.   

■ Trapanosoma brucei,  causes nagano disease in cattle, the intermediary host is the tse-tse flies.  

■ Trypanosoma gambiense  and  Trypanosoma rhodesiense . Animals that cause sleep in humans were originally found in Africa, then spread to Asia. The intermediate hosts were the fly  Glossina palpalis  for  T. gambiense  and the fly  Glossina mursitans  for  T. rhodesiense .   

■ Trypanosoma cruzi,  the cause of anemia in children (cagas). Trypanosoma Cruzi is  found in Central America.

2) Leishmania 

Leishmania is a cause of disease in the endothelial cells of blood vessels. Endothelium is an epithelial cell that lines the heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels. Examples of types of Leishmania are as follows.  

■ Leishmania donovani,  causes kala azar disease characterized by fever and anemia. This species is found in Egypt, around the Mediterranean and India.   

■ Leishmania tropica,  cause a skin disease called oriental disease. This species is found in Asia (Mediterranean area) and parts of South America.  

■ Leishmania brasilliensis ,  cause skin disease in Mexico and Central America and South America.   

How to Reproduction Flagellates

For flagellates  , phytoflagellates reproduce in two ways, namely sexually by conjugation and asexually by dividing. As for the zooflagellate type flagellates  , reproduction occurs asexually by longitudinal binary fission, while sexual reproduction is not widely known.

Examples and Roles of Flagellates in Life

It has been explained previously that many flagellates live freely in moist soil, water, symbiotic habitats, live inside other organisms with mutualism or parasitic relationships. Here are some examples of flagellate organisms and their role in life.

■ Trichonympha  and  Myxotricha  

2 This type of flagellates lives in the intestines of termites which helps termites to digest wood because they can secrete cellulose enzymes. This enzyme makes the wood particles softer, so they are easily broken down and broken down into small pieces and then absorbed by termites. This absorbed material is partly needed by termites and partly for the survival of Flagellates. Thus intertwined symbiotic mutualism (mutual benefit).

■ Trichomonas vaginalis  

When viewed from the name, this type causes one type of vaginitis, which is an inflammation of the vagina which is characterized by discharge and accompanied by a burning sensation and itching. This species does not have a cyst stage and spreads as a venereal disease. Can also infect and spread in men causing prostatitis.  Trichomonas vaginalis  can be passed from woman to man through sexual intercourse.

■ Giardia lamblia  

Is the only intestinal Protozoa that causes dysentery / diarrhea and cramps in the stomach. These protozoa are found in the duodenum / duodenum. Transmission is through contaminated food or drink and through hand-to-mouth contact.

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