"Basidiomycota type" by gailhampshire is licensed under CC BY 2.0
Definition of Basidiomycota
The term "basidiomycota" comes from the Greek, namely from the word basidium, which is a diploid stage in the life cycle of Basidiomycota which is shaped like a club. In general, this fungus is an important saproba. Its activity is to decompose lignin polymers in wood and various other plant parts.
The Basidiomycota division is often referred to as the club fungus or commonly known as mushrooms (fungus or mushrooms ). This fungus reproduces sexually by forming basidia which then produce basidiospores in the fruiting body called basidioma or basidiocarp.
These basidia can develop in the form of gills, pores, such as teeth, or other structures. Hyphae of Basiomycota are generally dikaryotic (binucleate, with 2 nuclei) and sometimes have flanking relationships. The cells are separated by complex septa.
Its members are mostly macroscopic fungi. This group has an insulated mycelium and has long fruiting bodies (basidiocarps), in the form of sheets, which are tortuous or round. These fungi generally live saprophytes and parasites, generally reproduce asexually with conidia.
If you see people using mushrooms as food, what is meant is "mushroom" or kenthos mushrooms ( puffball ). Both include the very popular Basidiomycota, in addition to several other types of mushrooms that are commonly cooked as food ingredients.
How to Live Basidiomycota Fungi
In general, Basidiomycota live as saprobes (decomposers) the remains of dead organisms. Basidiomycota live in soil containing organic waste, on dead logs, or in haystacks.
Compared to other types of fungi, Basidiomycota is the best decomposer of complex lignin polymers. Lignin is a component of wood. Basidiomycota can also live in mutualism symbiosis with plant roots by forming mycorrhizae, but some are parasitic on other organisms.
Characteristics of Basidiomycota
In general, the characteristics or characteristics of fungi belonging to the division Basidiomycota include the following.
■ multicellular (multicellular).
■ Is a macroscopic fungi, can be seen directly, and has a large size.
■ Characteristically saprophytic or parasitic on other organisms and mycorrhizae.
■ All members of the Basidiomycota division berhabitat on land.
The hyphae are septate, containing a haploid nucleus with a clamp connection .
■ Have a fruiting body shaped like an umbrella that consists of the trunk and hood. At the bottom of the hood, there are sheets (slats) which are where the basidium is formed. The fruiting body is called the basidiocarp.
■ The shape of the fruit body varies, there is such as umbrellas, balls, boards, sheets berleku grooved and so forth.
■ fruiting bodies called basidiokarp, consists of interwoven hyphae insulated and dikaryotic (each core pair).
The color of the fruiting body varies (colorful).
■ Most can be consumed, but there are some fungi can also be deadly. Some members of the genus Amanita contain a very deadly poison. Some types of Basidiomycota can also harm plants, for example causing death in field crops. Examples of other Basidiomycota, namely Auricularia polytricha (ear fungus), Volvariella volvaceae (edible mushroom), and Ganoderma.
■ Reproduction sexually by forming and seldom do basidiospora and asexual reproduction is by fragmentation of the hyphae.
■ basidiospores formed outside basidium.
■ Each basidium containing 2 or 4 basidiospora, respectively one and haploid nuclei. All basidiospores gather to form a fruiting body (basidiocarp).
■ Basidiokarp often form a rod-like structures called the stalk and like an umbrella called hood.
■ It has three types of mycelium are as follows.
Primary mycelium : produced from newly grown spores. At first this mycelium is multinucleated, then septa are formed which contain one nucleus and are haploid.
Secondary mycelium : resulting from plasmogamy or the union of two corresponding hyphae. This mycelium has two nuclei, each of which is haploid.
Tertiary mycelium : consists of secondary mycelium that has united to form a kind of network, for example to form basidiocarp and basidiophores.
Body Structure of Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota fungi are characterized by having a basidium. This group of fungi is known for its fruiting bodies that are clearly visible on the surface of the soil or other substrates. Fruiting bodies vary in shape, some are like umbrellas, balls or boards. For example, the edible mushroom ( Volvariella volvacea ) with an umbrella-shaped fruiting body.
In general, the fruiting body has 4 parts, namely as follows.
■ fruiting bodies (stipe) is an upright growing mycelium mass.
■ Hood (pileus) is a part that is supported by stipe. When young, the pileus is covered by a membrane called the velum universale which will rupture at maturity.
■ volva is the rest of the wrappers contained in the bottom of the stalk.
️lamella is the lower part of the hood, blade-shaped, and arranged on the sheet.
️annulus , a ring encircling the stem position.
■ Gill was part under the hood in the form of sheet-shaped blades such as the gills where basidium produce basidiospores as generative reproduction.
The fruiting bodies of Basidiomycota fungi are called basidiocarps, consisting of a network of insulated and dikaryotic hyphae (each cell nucleus is in pairs). At the time of formation of basidiospores, the ends of the hyphae swell to form a basidium in which the fusion of two haploid nuclei occurs into one diploid nucleus, followed by meiotic division which produces 4 haploid nuclei.
Furthermore, the basidium forms four protrusions (sterigmata) containing protoplasm and the four haploid nuclei will each fill each protrusion and form four haploid basidiospores.
How to Reproduction Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota can reproduce by two methods, namely generative (sexual) and vegetative (asexual). So what are the processes and stages? Here is the explanation.
1. Sexual Reproduction Basidiomycota
The stages of sexual or generative reproduction of Basidiomycota are as follows.
1. Spores have haploid + and haploid nuclei - grow into + hyphae and hyphae - .
2. Hyphae + and hyphae – will fuse to form dikaryotic hyphae (2 nuclei).
3. Dikaryotic hyphae grow into mycelium and eventually form a fruiting body (basidiocarp).
4. The ends of the hyphae in the basidiocarp swell (called the basidium) and the two haploid nuclei become one diploid nucleus.
5. The diploid nucleus divides by meiosis into 4 haploid nuclei. Basidium forms 4 protrusions and each protrusion is filled with 1 haploid nucleus which will develop into spores called basidiospores.
6. Mature basidiospores will be released from the basidium and if they fall in a suitable place will grow into hyphae.
2. Basidiomycota Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction occurs by forming conidiospores. Conidia are spores produced by forming a transverse bulkhead at the tip of the hyphae or by differentiation to form many conidia. Mature haploid hyphae will produce conidiophores (conidia stalks).
At the tip of the conidiophores, spores are formed. Then the spores will be blown away by the wind. If the environmental conditions are favorable, the conidia will germinate into haploid hyphae.
Basidiomycota Life Cycle
The spores produced by basidium (basidiospores) are haploid and grow to form insulated hyphae, each with one nucleus, some as + (male) hyphae and some - (female) hyphae . If the two meet, there will be plasmogamy / mixing of plasma cells and a hyphae cell with dikaryotic / two nuclei will be formed.
The hyphae will continue to develop to form mycelium which is still dikaryotic, so that a basidiocarp fruiting body that looks like an umbrella will be formed. This basidiocarp will produce a basidium contained in a layer called the hymenium .
In that place, karyogamy will occur, namely the union of two nuclei into one and this nucleus will undergo meiotic division to form 4 haploid spores called basidiospores, and so on.
Examples and Roles of Basidiomycota
Most of the fungi that we see in everyday life belong to the class Basidiomycota. Currently, approximately 12,000 species of Basidiomycota are known and none of them causes infectious disease in humans. Most Basidiomycota are saprobes and parasites on plants and insects.
Some types of Basidiomycota are edible and safe, but many species are found to produce mycotoxin toxins that can cause death if ingested. Mushrooms that are cultivated because they have economic value are called mushrooms. The following are some examples of Basidiomycota fungi and their role in human life.
Examples of beneficial Basidiomycota Fungi
■ Volvariella volvacea (mushroom), This mushroom has a fruiting body shaped like an umbrella, consisting of sheets (blades), which contain a basidium. The fruit body is reddish white. This mushroom is a source of protein, high in calories, but low in cholesterol. Because it has a high economic value, this mushroom is widely cultivated.
■ Auricularia polythrica (mushroom) is a saprophytic fungus on dead wood. The fruiting body is shaped like an ear (ear), red-brown in color. It tastes good and can be eaten like a vegetable. This mushroom is now widely cultivated.
■ The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) , Wood mushrooms or oyster mushrooms. This mushroom is good for consumption, a good habitat in an environment that contains a lot of lignin and cellulose. This mushroom has been widely cultivated with sawdust medium.
■ Mushroom shitake is a fungus that commonly manufactured in China and Japan, living in a log.
■ Lentinous edodes , this fungus species other than human consumption can also be used as medicine.
■ Amanita caesarina , Unlike poisonous Amanita muscaria, mushroom Amanita Caesarea that bright orange has a delicious flavor and is a favorite food of the Roman emperor named Nero.
Examples of harmful Basidiomycota Fungi
■ Amanita phalloides
Amanita phalloides is a member of the Amanitaceae family. Amanita, a beautiful fungus, but also a member of the list of the deadliest fungi on earth, contains enough poison to kill an adult with just a piece of her body. This fungus lives as a saprophyte in livestock manure, has a fruiting body shaped like an umbrella.
■ stem rust (rust)
This fungus lives as a parasite on the leaves of grasses (Graminae), its body is macroscopic, it does not have a fruiting body, and its spores are brownish red like rust.
■ corn smut , this fungus is parasitic on corn, attacking sukam leaves, cobs, and stalks tassels. The most striking feature if corn plants are attacked by this fungus is the presence of some corn grains on the cobs that are much larger than normal size.
■ Calvatia gigantea , known as the giant puffball , has a very large fruit body with a diameter and 1 meter, so it can issue totaling trillions of spores.
■ Amanita muscaria , these fungi produce toxins that can kill flies muskarin. Lives on manure.
■ Ganoderma applanatum (fungus) This fungus causes damage to the wood.
■ Ganoderma pseudoferreum , this fungus causes root rot on cocoa, coffee, tea, rubber and other plantation crops.
■ stem rust , cause disease in sugarcane and corn.
■ Ustilago scitamanae parasite on the plant leaf Graminae.
■ Puccinia arachidis , parasitic on peanut plants.
■ Phakospora pachyrhizi , parasitic on soybeans.
■ Amanita verna toxic, live in the land of white or red.
■ Exobasidium vexans live parasites on the tea plant.
